Yes, Frontiers is a predatory journal. Regardless, they are a huge producer of the scientific articles that enter the literature: 3rd most cited and 6th largest publisher! That's a lot of papers that go through the same "peer review" process that let this through.

Frontiers, same but different There are some differences though. For example, Frontiers publishes papers fast, but slower than MDPI, it has a higher reliance on the Chinese market than MDPI, it charges higher APCs than MDPI, and its journals are slightly better ranked than those of MDPI.

All Frontiers journals are community-run and fully open access, so every research article we publish is immediately and permanently free to read.

Each Frontiers article strives for the highest quality, thanks to genuinely collaborative interactions between authors, editors and reviewers, who include many of the world's best scientists and scholars.